[70] Craxi's decisive character may have been relevant in this resolution. He ordered Italian troops to surround the US Forces protecting the plane. Furthermore, public opinion was much less concerned about foreign financing than about the misappropriation of their money by corrupt politicians. Hammamet, in centinaia sulla tomba di Craxi 19 gennaio 2020, 16:38 Alcune centinaia di persone sono arrivate al cimitero cristiano di Hammamet, in Tunisia, … [66], Internationally, Craxi is perhaps best remembered for an incident in October 1985, when he refused the request of US President Ronald Reagan to extradite the hijackers of the cruise ship Achille Lauro. [35], In 1978 Craxi decided to change the party logo. In 1956, following the Soviet invasion of Hungary, Craxi with a group of loyalists committed himself to the detachment of the Socialist Party by the pro-Communist policy, but he failed: his proposed output of the Socialist Youth Movement by the International Organisation of Democratic Youth was rejected. [40], Even if the PSI never became a serious electoral challenger either to the PCI or the Christian Democrats, its pivotal position in the political arena allowed it to claim the post of Prime Minister for Craxi after the 1983 general election. Craxi, Hammamet, ritorno alla Medina La Fondazione Craxi ha infatti organizzato un soggiorno nella cittadina tunisina, per i simpatizzanti che intendessero celebrare la memoria dell’imponente statista nella cittadina che gli offrì rifugio. They were Paolo Bagnoli, Orietta Baldelli, Francesco Barra, Luigi Biscardi, Guido De Martino, Gianni Fardin, Carlo Gubbini, Maria Rosaria Manieri, Cesare Marini, Maria Antonia Modolo, Michele Sellitti, Giancarlo Tapparo, Antonino Valletta and Antonio Vozzi. The PSI, that had obtained only 11%, threatened to leave the parliamentary majority unless Craxi was made Prime Minister. As representative of PSI at the Socialist International, Craxi formed ties with some of the main European future leaders, like Willy Brandt, Felipe González, François Mitterrand, Mário Soares, Michel Rocard and Andreas Papandreou. It is located in the south-eastern section of Cap Bon and is part of the Nabeul Governorate. [31], Craxi always opposed the Historic Compromise policy of Moro and Berlinguer, a political alliance and an accommodation between the Christian Democrats and the Communists; the alliance would inevitably made it politically irrelevant the Socialists. Con la regia di Craxi e Dell’Utri, Craxi, González y Soares coinciden en que la incorporación de España y Portugal supone un nuevo impulso para la CEE. [73], According to Giulio Andreotti, Italy's foreign minister at the time (and 42nd Prime Minister of Italy) and Abdel Rahman Shalgham (Libya's Foreign Minister from 2000 until 2009), Craxi was the person who telephoned Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi to warn him of the impending American Operation El Dorado Canyon retaliatory air-strikes against Libya on 15 April 1986. He died and was buried there in 2000. [41] The electoral support for the Christian Democrats was significantly weakened, leaving it with 32.9% of the vote, compared to the 38.3% it gained in 1979. Ieri sera nella piccola chiesa cristiana di Hammamet, nell’omelia, durante la Messa per la commemorazione di Craxi, voluta dalla vedova, signora Anna, un prete il “Caso C.” lo ha risolto cosi: “Bettino ha amato e aiutato la Tunisia. Non andrò di certo a vedere il fim Hammamet diretto da Gianni Amelio. During this period he was a strong supporters of the Organic Centre-left coalition, between the Christian Democrats of Aldo Moro and Amintore Fanfani, the Socialists of Pietro Nenni, the Social Democrats of Giuseppe Saragat and the Republicans of Ugo La Malfa. The following picture from Wikimedia, extracted from this survey, shows the actual orientation of the tomb: I tre più potenti? Gravemente malato, è accudito dalla figlia; quando il figlio d’un amico fa irruzione, se lo tiene caro – ed il ragazzo, a sua volta, non sa se odiarlo od ammirarlo. Craxi was also known for never apologising, as a matter of principle; most Italians expected an apology after the corrupt system had been exposed. He successfully boosted the country's GNP and controlled inflation. [51][52], In domestic policy, a number of reforms were initiated during Craxi's time in office. Ecco perché fu condannato, "Commento alla decisione della Corte europea dei diritti dell'uomo dell'11 ottobre 2001", Craxi, l'ultimo saluto. His political career ended in less than two years. Craxi was born in Milan on 24 February 1934. Under Craxi, PSI moved from left-wing to centre-left, much to ally with the Christian Democracy and other moderate parties that formed a coalition called Pentapartito, which ensured a stable majority to govern. In 1970 after the end of the PSU alliance, Craxi became Vice Secretary of the PSI, as proposed by Giacomo Mancini. Del Turco tried in vain to regain credibility for the party. In the 1994 general election, what was left of PSI allied itself to the Alliance of Progressives dominated by the post-communist incarnation of the PCI, the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS). Most Socialists joined other political forces, mainly Forza Italia, the new party led by Silvio Berlusconi, the Patto Segni and Democratic Alliance. Former Italian prime minister Bettino Craxi moved to Hammamet in 1994 as a fugitive. [20], During this period he engaged for the first time in public speaking, organizing conferences, debates, film screenings, and in 1956 he became part of the PSI Provincial Committee in Milan, and leader of the Socialist Youth Federation.[21]. The PSI got 16 deputies[86] and 14 senators[87] elected, down from 92 deputies and 49 senators of 1992. Forlani evasively asked what a bribe was while Craxi, after admitting to the charges brought against himself and other parties, stated that the bribes were "the cost of politics." Coordinates: 36°24′N 10°37′E / 36.400°N 10.617°E / 36.400; 10.617, List of twin towns and sister cities in Tunisia, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/610659.stm, http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/klee/ho_1984.315.4.htm, https://www.bento.de/sport/sami-khedira-sechs-fakten-ueber-den-nationalspieler-a-00000000-0003-0001-0000-000000603744, https://www.nevers.fr/decouvrir-nevers/jumelages/les-villes-jumelees, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hammamet,_Tunisia&oldid=988648506, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 14 November 2020, at 12:39. Il film di Gianni Amelio è sull’ultima parte della vita nel rifugio di Hammamet in Tunisia. FLASHMOB A MILANO Non solo iniziative in Tunisia, però, per ricordare la morte di Bettino Craxi, avvenuta 19 gennaio del 2000 ad Hammamet: “Petali di libertà” è infatti il titolo simbolico del flashmob convocato per domenica [80] In fact the PSI was in line to become the Italy's second largest party and to become the dominant force of a new left-wing coalition opposed to a Christian Democrat-led one. Si moltiplicano le iniziative in ricordo del leader socialista: è proprio la Fondazione Craxi a organizzare il viaggio del ventennale in Tunisia, "Hammamet 2020". Acquaviva, Gennaro, and Luigi Covatta. He made an appeal before the Chamber of Deputies in which he claimed that everyone knew of the widespread irregularities in the public financing of Italian parties, accused the deputies of hypocrisy and cowardice, and called for all MPs to protect the Socialists from prosecution as a show of solidarity. It borders a Hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) and a Hot semi-arid climate (BSh) due to dry ground and hot temperatures in the summer. Meanwhile, he attended the faculty of Law in University of Milan and then the faculty of Political Science in Urbino, Craxi founded the "Socialist University Nucleus" joining the "New University" group and adhering to the CUDI (Italian Democratic University Centre), the student group that supported the left-wing forces. [27], As responsible of the PSI foreign policy he supported, also financially, some socialist parties banned by the dictatorships of their respective countries, including the Spanish Socialist Workers Party, the Panhellenic Socialist Movement and the Chilean Socialist Party of Salvador Allende, of whom Craxi was a personal friend. [49] However, inflation was often in the double digits. Feeling marginalised and unjustly singled-out, Chiesa divulged everything he knew to the prosecutors. Rino Formica, a prominent member of the Socialist Party in those years, wittily said that "the convent is poor, but the friars are rich". At that time the Spanish name for the place was "La Mahometa". Contestati governo e giudici, Lo Snodo :: Il vento di Hammamet, gelido d‚all'Italia, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BettinoCraxi-JPvanDijk-AzimuthDirection.jpg, President of the Council of European Union, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bettino_Craxi&oldid=993650602, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Articles with Italian-language sources (it), Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 11 December 2020, at 19:12. The authorisation was denied on 29 April 1993 after Craxi gave an emotional speech. Forse lo Stato africano della Tunisia su Craxi si dimostrò molto più “europeo” dell’Italia. This led to the constant formation of political alliances between parties keen on keeping the Communists at bay. The initial taking of the town was successful as the Spanish managed to climb the walls and open the gates but then there was an unexpected call to retreat - it could not be later determined where or how it originated. The party shrank the size of the old hammer and sickle in the lower part of the symbol. Bettino Craxi escaped the laws he had once contributed to make, by fleeing to Hammamet, Tunisia in 1994; he remained a fugitive there, protected by the government of Ben Ali, his personal friend. [53] In the field of family welfare, legislation was enacted in 1984 and 1986 that changed the family allowance system "so that people most in need received larger amounts and coverage was progressively reduced to the point of termination once certain income levels were exceeded. In the end, the Socialist party went from 14% of the vote to a virtual nil. Around Hammamet, suburbs are being built as migrants from the southern region of the country come to find employment. As a consequence, a team of Milanese judges began investigating specifically the party's financing system. Today, Craxism is often considered a derogatory term describing a corrupt politician, although some welcome him in a favourable manner: this is the case of those who, following the dissolution of the PSI, joined the newly formed Forza Italia of Silvio Berlusconi (centre-right), but also a part of those who formed the Italian Socialists, small party adhering to the Alliance of progressives of Achille Occhetto (centre-left). Furthermore, Craxi's arrogant character won him many enemies; one of his most condemned actions was blaming corruption in the socialist party on treasurer Vincenzo Balzamo, just after the latter's death, in order to clear himself of any accusation. [47], The main dynamic of Italian post-war politics was to find a way to keep the Italian Communist Party out of power. They started to jump and sing: "He who does not jump is a Socialist!" Then it came under Spanish and Turkish rule. Abbas was later also convicted in Italy in absentia and eventually died of "natural causes", shortly after being taken prisoner by American forces in the aftermath of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Ad Hammamet Gregorio Romeo ha incontrato alcuni dei partecipanti alle celebrazioni. Del Turco had quickly changed the party symbol to reinforce the idea of innovation. Nella Marina Hammamet si tiene annualmente il festival musicale Night in Tunisia… "[54], As a result of his spending policies, the Italian national debt skyrocketed during the Craxi era, passing 100% of gross national product. In Hammamet c’è un Bettino Craxi crepuscolare, umiliato ma combattivo. Bettino Craxi Benedetto Craxi, detto Bettino (Milano 1934 - Hammamet, Tunisia, 2000), segretario del Psi dal 1976, è stato il primo socialista nella storia della Repubblica a ricoprire la carica di presidente del Consiglio, guidando Against trade union resistance, the Craxi government reacted by abolishing wage-price indexation (a mechanism known as scala mobile or "escalator"), under which wages had been increased automatically in line with inflation. His father Vittorio Craxi was a Sicilian lawyer and anti-fascist who was persecuted by the regime of Benito Mussolini while his mother Maria Ferrari was a housewife from Sant'Angelo Lodigiano. His revelations brought half of the Milan Socialists and Industrialists under investigation; even Paolo Pillitteri, Craxi's own brother-in-law and mayor of Milan, was investigated despite his parliamentary immunity. Bettino Craxi resigned as party Secretary in February 1993. Craxi's funeral took place at the Cathedral of St. Vincent de Paul in Tunis and saw a large participation of the indigenous population. In 1984, solidarity contracts (work-sharing arrangements to avoid redundancies) were introduced, while restrictions on part-time employment were relaxed. 189-233, "Craxi, Benedetto (Bettino)" in Mark Gilbert, Robert K. Nilsson, "The A to Z of Modern Italy", pp. [61], Craxi was not a Catholic: he defined himself a "laical Christian, like Giuseppe Garibaldi. Hammamet (Arabic: حمامات‎ Ḥammāmāt, literally "Baths") is a town in Tunisia. Though the Americans demanded that the Italian authorities extradite Abu Abbas of the PLO, Craxi stood firm on the grounds that the crime had been perpetrated on Italian soil, over which the Italian Republic had sole jurisdiction. Even though Fanfani was a close friend and ally of Craxi, he did not participate in the swearing in ceremony, sending the Undersecretary to the Presidency of the Council Giuliano Amato. [30] Ironically, the "old guard" saw him as short-lived leader, allowing each faction time to regroup. Hammamet (Arabic: حمامات ‎ ḥamāmāt) is a town in Tunisia. La politica estera di Bettino Craxi nel Mediterraneo: dalla segreteria al governo. [17], After the war Vittorio Craxi assumed the role of vice-prefect in Milan and then the prefect in Como, where he moved with his family in 1945. [74] Shalgham's statement was also confirmed by Margherita Boniver, foreign affairs chief of Craxi's Socialist Party at the time. "Sigonella crisis" American armed forces) and on conservative policies on issues such as abortion and war on drugs. Instead for the PSI those elections were a crushing defeat: the votes went down under the threshold of 10%. Pertini was also supported by the Communists, which considered the old Socialist partisan not conducive to the "new course" of Craxi. [18] Vittorio Craxi stood in the 1948 general election for the Popular Democratic Front, a political alliance between Socialists and Communists. In Milan, where the PSI had won 20% in 1990, the PSI received a mere 2%, which was not even enough to elect a councillor. In Italy, the main critics of Craxism as well as the figure of Craxi are the former Communists (including most members of the Democratic Party) and some media left-wing press (Il Fatto Quotidiano, il manifesto, L'Espresso and la Repubblica) while the biggest supporters are the Italian Socialist Party of Riccardo Nencini and various politicians of The People of Freedom and the centre-right as Silvio Berlusconi, Renato Brunetta, Maurizio Sacconi, Stefano Caldoro and Stefania Craxi, Bettino's daughter. [63] Rare footage of Craxi trying to lay flowers at the tomb of Salvador Allende has been unearthed from RAI's (Radiotelevisione Italiana) archives. Craxi became the first Socialist in the history of the Italian Republic to be appointed Prime Minister. Chiesa sought Craxi's protection for nearly a month; but Craxi accused him of casting a shadow on the "most honest party in Italy." A few months later Bettino returned to college, first in Como and then in Cantù, where he thought to start the seminary. They went to the personal wallets of the politician who happened to take them. Io che azzannai il Cinghialone e non vidi gli orrori dei giudici, E Feltri esaltava Di Pietro contro il Cinghialone, Le lettere inedite di Craxi, così pregavano "il Cinghialone", L'attività dell'Amministrazione comunale da Cassinis ad Aniasi, La formazione di Craxi nel contesto milanese, L'era di Craxi, in 16 anni dagli altari alla polvere, Conferito il premio Salvador Allende alla memoria di Bettino Craxi, "PSI 1976: Comitato centrale al Midas e Craxi segretario", Bettino Craxi – L'intellettuale dissidente, Quella volta che Craxi mi abbracciò e disse: «Lo dobbiamo salvare», I quattro anni che sconvolsero l'Italia. In fact, if on one side the PSI under Craxi is required with a strong third-worldism, Pro-Arabianism, environmentalism and a modern welfare state system (typical of the modern left), on the other hand was strongly pro-Atlanticist and pro-europeanist and placed on a strong defense of territorial sovereignty (e.g. [16], During World War II, the young Craxi was sent to the Catholic college Edmondo De Amicis due to his unruly character and to protect him from fascist violence in retaliation for his father's anti-fascist activities. The judges in Milan were put under scrutiny several times by different governments (especially Silvio Berlusconi's first government in 1994), but no evidence of any misconduct was ever found. The Socialists held a strong balance of power, which made them more powerful than the Christian Democrats, who had to depend on it to form a majority in Parliament. Alonso de Contreras participated and tells the story in his autobiography. As a popular tourist destination, the city is economically important to Tunisia. Most of them came from the left-wing of the party, as Del Turco himself did. La popolazione, infatti, varia durante l’anno a causa delle … [56] The Church's position as the sole state-supported religion of Italy was also ended, replacing the state financing with a personal income tax called the otto per mille, to which other religious groups, Christian and non-Christian, also have access. However, this did not stop the PSI gaining only 2.2% of the votes compared to 13.6% in 1992. Bettino Craxi, all'anagrafe Benedetto Craxi (Milano, 24 febbraio 1934 – Hammamet, 19 gennaio 2000), è stato un politico italiano, Presidente del Consiglio dei ministri dal 4 agosto 1983 al 18 aprile 1987 e Segretario del Partito Socialista Italiano dal 15 luglio 1976 all'11 febbraio 1993.. The last main turning point of Craxi's career began in February 1992, when Socialist MP Mario Chiesa was arrested by police while taking a 7 million lira bribe from a cleaning service firm.