[390] Some sources claim that by the conflict's end, 20 percent of the nation's clergy had been killed. After less than two months of training, the Lincolns went into action in February 1937. [note 62]. Following the war, wide swathes of Spanish society, including the armed forces, united in hopes of removing the corrupt central government, but were unsuccessful. Both sides would invent different characters of the Moorish troops, drawing on a wide range of historical symbols, cultural prejudices and racial stereotypes. REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS POLITICOS 177 (2017): 147–179. [99] Luis Cuenca, a member of the arresting group and a Socialist who was known as the bodyguard of PSOE leader Indalecio Prieto, summarily executed Calvo Sotelo by shooting him in the back of the neck. [402] The killings often contained a symbolic element, as those killed were seen as embodying an oppressive source of power and authority. )[97], Assault Guard Captain Fernando Condés was a close personal friend of Castillo. View all copies of this book. La Parra-Pérez, Alvaro. The rebels shot 189 people. [304] In comparison, in 1936–1938 the French military expenditure totalled $0.87bn, the Italian ones reached $2.64bn, and the British ones stood at $4.13bn. Monetary resources on the Republican side were completely drained from weapon acquisition. The Spanish civil war. The dispute was between an ultimately victorious government—Communist forces and the anarchist CNT. [220] Another NKVD-led operation was the shooting down (in December 1936) of the French aircraft in which the delegate of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Georges Henny, carried extensive documentation on the Paracuellos massacres to France. Republican Soldiers, Unknown, 1936, From the collection of: Museo Reina Sofia. [368] When Bilbao was conquered, thousands of people were sent to prison. [356] In February 1937, over 7,000 were killed after the capture of Málaga. The rebels tended to draw from less senior officers. Create your lesson! Payment for the war on both sides was very high. Foreigners contributed little to further growth; on the Nationalist side the Italians scaled down their engagement, while on the Republican side the influx of new interbrigadistas did not cover losses on the front. Italiano: La Guerra civile spagnola (17 luglio 1936 - 1 aprile 1939) è considerata come la prova generale della Seconda Guerra Mondiale. [74] On 18 July, Casares Quiroga refused an offer of help from the CNT and Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT), leading the groups to proclaim a general strike—in effect, mobilising. [188][189] Portugal was instrumental in providing the Nationalists with organizational skills and reassurance from the Iberian neighbour to Franco and his allies that no interference would hinder the supply traffic directed to the Nationalist cause. [12][13] The Nationalist group was supported by a number of conservative groups, including CEDA, monarchists, including both the opposing Alfonsists and the religious conservative Carlists, and the Falange Española de las JONS, a fascist political party. [200] Attractive misleading names were deliberately chosen, such as "Garibaldi" in Italy or "Abraham Lincoln" in the United States. [275] Franco had effectively won in the north. Conversely, historians such as Stanley Payne, Julius Ruiz[347] and José Sánchez[348] argue that the political violence in the Republican zone was in fact organized by the left: In general, this was not an irrepressible outpouring of hatred, by the man in the street for his "oppressors", as it has sometimes been painted, but a semi-organized activity carried out by sections of nearly all the leftist groups. GUERRA civile spagnola. Catholic confession cleared the soldiers of moral doubt and increased fighting ability; Republican newspapers described Nationalist priests as ferocious in battle and Indalecio Prieto remarked that the enemy he feared most was "the requeté who has just received communion. However, the 500,000 death toll does not include deaths by malnutrition, hunger or diseases brought about by the war. Guerra civil española 1. [120] The result of the coup was a nationalist area of control containing 11 million of Spain's population of 25 million. definition - Aerei_militari_della_guerra_civile_spagnola. {{collectionsDisplayName(searchView.appliedFilters)}}, 'Nur zur redaktionellen Verwendung' ausschließen, {{searchText.groupByEventToggleImages()}}, {{searchText.groupByEventToggleEvents()}}. [113], The rebels failed to take any major cities with the critical exception of Seville, which provided a landing point for Franco's African troops, and the primarily conservative and Catholic areas of Old Castile and León, which fell quickly. According to Seidman, the Republican government only made efforts to stop the actions of the paseos late in the war; during the first few months, the government either tolerated it or made no efforts to stop it. The Condor Legion proved to be especially useful in the 1936 Battle of the Toledo. Officers in front line combat corps (primarily infantry and cavalry) benefited over those in technical corps (those in artillery, engineering etc.) Spanish Pavilion. Azaña was hesitant to use the army to shoot or stop rioters or protestors as many of them supported his coalition. In italia: spedisco a €3 con Posta1 o €6 con Raccomandata. (Oak Park, Illinois 1899- Ketchum, Idaho 1961) 17 luglio 1936 insurrezione militare in Marocco. Consequently, the Nationalists called Lisbon "the port of Castile". [401] Communist Santiago Carrillo Solares was accused of the killing of Nationalists in the Paracuellos massacre near Paracuellos de Jarama. [228] Germany informed the French ambassador in Berlin that Germany would hold France responsible if it supported "the manoeuvres of Moscow" by supporting the Republicans. [150] Michael Seidmann reports that devout Catholics, such as seminary students, often volunteered to fight and would die in disproportionate numbers in the war. [295] Refugees were confined in internment camps of the French Third Republic, such as Camp Gurs or Camp Vernet, where 12,000 Republicans were housed in squalid conditions. AU - Cardillo, Angelo. The work's size (11 ft by 25.6 ft) grabbed much attention and cast the horrors of the mounting Spanish civil unrest into a global spotlight. Officers supporting the coup tended to be africanistas (men who fought in North Africa between 1909 and 1923) while those who stayed loyal tended to be peninsulares (men who stayed back in Spain during this period). Emilio Mola was moved from head of the Army of Africa to military commander of Pamplona in Navarre. A similar dramatic success for the Nationalists occurred on 17 October, when troops coming from Galicia relieved the besieged town of Oviedo, in Northern Spain. While some Nationalist leaders did oppose the bombing of the city – for example, Generals Yagüe and Moscardó, who were noted for being nonconformists, protested against the indiscriminate destruction – other Nationalist leaders, often those of a fascist persuasion, approved of the bombings which they saw as necessary to "cleanse" Barcelona. The'red Terror'and the Spanish Civil War. (17 July) Military coup gains control over Spanish Morocco, (20 July) Coup leader Sanjurjo is killed in a plane crash, (21 July) Nationalists capture the central Spanish naval base, (7 August) "Execution" of the Sacred Heart of Jesus by Communist militiamen at Cerro de los Angeles in Getafe, (4 September) The Republican government under Giral resigns, and is replaced by a mostly Socialist organization under Largo Caballero, (15 September) Nationalists take San Sebastian, (21 September) Franco chosen as chief military commander at Salamanca, (27 September) Franco's troops relieve the Alcazar in Toledo, (29 September) Franco proclaims himself Caudillo, (17 October) Nationalists from Galicia relieve the besieged town of Oviedo, (8 November) Franco launches major assault on Madrid that is unsuccessful, (6 November) Republican government is forced to move to Valencia from Madrid, Nationalists capture most of Spain's northern coastline, (8 February) Malaga falls to Franco's forces, (21 May) 4,000 Basque children taken to the UK, (3 June) Mola, Franco's second-in-command, is killed, (July) Republicans move to recapture Segovia, (August) Franco invades Aragon and takes the city of Santander, (November) Republican government forced to move to Barcelona from Valencia, Nationalists capture large parts of Catalonia, (January) Battle of Teruel, conquered by Republicans, (7 March) Nationalists launch the Aragon Offensive, (May) Republican sue for peace, Franco demands unconditional surrender, (24 December) Franco throws massive force into invasion of Catalonia, (27 February) UK and France recognize the Franco regime, (6 March) Prime minister Juan Negrin flees to France, (31 March) Nationalists control all Spanish territory, (1 April) Last Republican forces surrender in Alicante, Ending of Franco's rule with his death on 20 November in La Paz hospital, Madrid, and, This page was last edited on 11 December 2020, at 23:15. Hier können Sie Inhalte sammeln, auswählen und Anmerkungen zu Ihren Dateien hinterlegen. [362] Many killings in the first few months were often done by vigilantes and civilian death squads, with the Nationalist leadership often condoning their actions or even assisting them. Tusell, Javier, Martín, José Luis, Shaw, Carlos (2001), e.g. Germany moved the Army of Africa to mainland Spain in the war's early stages. Fascists. [340], Recent research has started to locate mass graves, using a combination of witness testimony, remote sensing and forensic geophysics techniques.[341]. [379], Scholars have estimated that between 38,000[381] and 70,000[382] civilians were killed in Republican-held territories, with the most common estimate being around 50,000. [206], Although General Secretary Joseph Stalin had signed the Non-Intervention Agreement, the Soviet Union contravened the League of Nations embargo by providing material assistance to the Republican forces, becoming their only source of major weapons. [405] Pro-Soviet Communists committed numerous atrocities against fellow Republicans, including other Marxists: André Marty, known as the Butcher of Albacete, was responsible for the deaths of some 500 members of the International Brigades. Conservatives, the middle classes, businessmen and landowners became convinced that revolution had already begun. Coatsworth, John, Cole, Juan, Hanagan, Michael P., Perdue, Peter C., Tilly, Charles, Tilly, Louise (2015). Franco used Italian troops and blitzkrieg tactics; while many strategists blamed Franco for the rightists' defeat, the Germans believed it was the former at fault for the Nationalists' 5,000 casualties and loss of valuable equipment. [94] He wrote a cryptic letter to Casares on 23 June, suggesting that the military was disloyal, but could be restrained if he were put in charge. la guerra civile spagnola cominció nel 1936. e duró fino al 1939 Madrid. As many strikes occurred between April and July as had occurred in the entirety of 1931. Bolorinos Allard, Elisabeth. La guerra civile spagnola 1936-1939 2. Finally, the final months of 1936 saw the arrival of foreign troops, International Brigades joining the Republicans and Italian CTV, German Legion Condor and Portuguese Viriatos joining the Nationalists. It was theoretically a crime to volunteer to fight in Spain, but about 4,000 went anyway. Questo poiché il contesto internazionale estremamente delicato e gli avvenimenti che interessarono la guerra civile spagnola furono determinanti anche per capire cosa successe dopo. Lyden, Jacki. de FLAÇÀ. His instructions were clear: "...A hundred per cent Franco's victory was not desirable from a German point of view; rather were we interested in a continuance of the war and in the keeping up of the tension in the Mediterranean." The Spanish Nationalists, in contrast, imposed a puritanically terrorist order on the populace in their territory. The third wave occurred after the War, at the end of March 1939, when thousands of Republicans tried to board ships to exile, although few succeeded. C.T.V., il Corpo truppe volontarie italiano durante la Guerra Civile Spagnola, 1936-1939 : cronistoria, uniformi. [365], Nationalist forces massacred civilians in Seville, where some 8,000 people were shot; 10,000 were killed in Cordoba; 6,000–12,000 were killed in Badajoz[366] after more than one thousand of landowners and conservatives were killed by the revolutionaries. In June and July the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo, known as the CNT, called several strikes, which led to a violent incident between CNT members and the Civil Guard and a brutal crackdown by the Civil Guard and the army against the CNT in Seville. The Spanish Civil War (Spanish: Guerra Civil Española)[note 2] was a civil war in Spain fought from 1936 to 1939. [166], As the conquest of Ethiopia in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War made the Italian government confident in its military power, Benito Mussolini joined the war to secure Fascist control of the Mediterranean,[167] supporting the Nationalists to a greater extent than the National-Socialists did. Guerra Civil Española - Spanish Civil War - Guerra Civile Spagnola, Madrid. [31] Support for the Rivera regime gradually faded, and he resigned in January 1930. The Spanish civil war as a religious tragedy. Also, fifty churches and seventy conservative political centres were attacked or set ablaze. "Aspectos militares de la Guerra Civil española", Warships of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), "Refugees and the Spanish Civil War | History Today", "The role of the Catholic hierarchy in the rise to power of General Franco", Morocco tackles painful role in Spain's past, "Spanish Civil War: German Condor Legion's Tactical Air Power", https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6221378, "Remark by Reagan on Lincoln Brigade Prompts Ire in Spain", "Spain: Repression under Franco after the Civil War", "Spain torn on tribute to victims of Franco", Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration, "The Evacuation of Spanish Children to the Soviet Union", "History of the arrival of the Basque Children to England in 1937", "Wales and the refugee children of the Basque country", "Spanish judge opens case into Franco's atrocities", "Discovery of a mass grave from the Spanish Civil War using Ground Penetrating Radar and forensic archaeology", "Paul Preston lecture: The Crimes of Franco", "Martirio y asesinato de las 27 Hermanas Adoratrices", "Shots of War: Photojournalism During the Spanish Civil War", Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia, The Spanish Cockpit: An Eye-Witness Account of the Political and Social Conflicts of the Spanish Civil War, "Rescuing Memory: the Humanist Interview with Noam Chomsky", Imperial War Museum Collection of Spanish Civil War Posters, Illinois English Department at the University of Illinois, Collection: "Exiles from the Spanish Civil War", Condecoraciones otorgadas por Francisco Franco a Benito Mussolini y a Adolf Hitler, "Trabajadores: The Spanish Civil War through the eyes of organised labour", Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick, "Magazines and journals published during the war", University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, "La Cucaracha, The Spanish Civil War Diary", "Southworth Spanish Civil War Collection", "The Spanish Civil War – causes and legacy", Interview with Agustín Guillamón, historian of the Spanish Revolution, Full text in translation of the Collective Letter of the Spanish Bishops, 1937. Moreover, because local and provincial governments were forcibly taken over, decreed by the government in much of the country rather than secured via any elections, they tended to have a coercive cast akin to that of local governments taken over by Italian Fascists in northern Italy during the summer of 1922. There was little support for the monarchy in the major cities. [81], Shortly after the Popular Front's election victory, various groups of officers, both active and retired, got together to begin discussing the prospect of a coup. The Republic paid for Soviet arms with official Bank of Spain gold reserves, 176 tonnes of which was transferred through France and 510 directly to Russia,[218] which was called Moscow gold. Utilizing the name of Abraham Lincoln, the communist supporting men from the US formed the Lincoln Battalion, organized in January 1937 as part of the XV International Brigade. Get this from a library! [302] By mid-September, all of los niños, as they became known, had found homes with families. Arnaud Imatz, "La vraie mort de Garcia Lorca" 2009 40 NRH, 31–34, pp. There are so many people have been read this book. Aerei militari della guerra civile spagnola. [179], Salazar supported Francisco Franco and the Nationalists in their war against the Second Republic forces, as well as the anarchists and the communists. Thus, when the coup occurred, officers who joined the rebellion, particularly from Franco's rank downwards, were often africanistas, while senior officers and those in non-front line positions tended to oppose it (though a small number of senior africanistas opposed the coup as well). The destruction had a significant effect on international opinion. After much of Catalonia was captured in 1938 and 1939, and Madrid cut off from Barcelona, the Republican military position became hopeless. [103] The Nationalist base largely consisted of the middle classes, conservative peasant smallholders in the North and Catholics in general. See more of Guerra Civil Española - Spanish Civil War - Guerra Civile Spagnola on Facebook. [Harry Browne] Home. © 2020 Getty Images. "[70][71] Bosses fired leftist workers and imprisoned trade union and socialist militants, and wages were reduced to "salaries of hunger. Buy La guerra civile spagnola 1936-1939 by Browne, Harry, Forino, B. [338], In 2008 a Spanish judge, Baltasar Garzón, opened an investigation into the executions and disappearances of 114,266 people between 17 July 1936 and December 1951. Comín Colomer, Eduardo (1973); El 5º Regimiento de Milicias Populares. Email: Message: Send. [32] At this time, the Second Spanish Republic was formed. [173] German operations slowly expanded to include strike targets, most notably—and controversially—the bombing of Guernica which, on 26 April 1937, killed 200 to 300 civilians. giovedì 5 settembre 2013. Even the staunch socialist Indalecio Prieto, at a party rally in Cuenca in May 1936, complained: "we have never seen so tragic a panorama or so great a collapse as in Spain at this moment. Create your lesson! Indice. Wählen Sie bis maximal 100 Bilder zum Herunterladen aus. Some individuals fled to friendly embassies, which would house up to 8,500 people during the war. Strikes, workplace theft, arson, robbery and assaults on shops, strikebreakers, employers and machines became increasingly common. His novel L'Espoir and the film version he produced and directed (Espoir: Sierra de Teruel) were a great help for the Republican cause in France. The coup was supported by military units in the Morocco, Pamplona, Burgos, Zaragoza, Valladolid, Cádiz, Córdoba, and Seville. 100,000 in combat, 135,000 executed, 30,000 other causes,. It officially endorsed the boycott and expelled a faction that demanded support for the Republican cause; but it finally voiced some support to Loyalists. There was little development of a bourgeois industrial or commercial class. La Guerra Civil Española en Color. [281], Franco's troops conquered Catalonia in a whirlwind campaign during the first two months of 1939. [94] With the help of the British intelligence agents Cecil Bebb and Hugh Pollard, the rebels chartered a Dragon Rapide aircraft (paid for with help from Juan March, the wealthiest man in Spain at the time)[95] to transport Franco from the Canary Islands to Spanish Morocco. [262] The main Nationalist advance to cross the Jarama and cut the supply to Madrid by the Valencia road, termed the Battle of Jarama, led to heavy casualties (6,000–20,000) on both sides. [363] Post-war executions were conducted by military tribunal, though the accused had limited ways to defend themselves. On 5 September, the Nationalists closed the French border to the Republicans in the battle of Irún. [186], Despite its discreet direct military involvement—restrained to a somewhat "semi-official" endorsement, by its authoritarian regime, of a "Viriatos Legion" volunteer force was organised, but disbanded, due to political unrest. [199] At the same time communist parties throughout the world quickly launched a full scale propaganda campaign in support of the Popular Front. [353][358][359][360][361] The Nationalists also frequently killed military officers who refused to support them in the early days of the coup. [226] In July 1936, British officials convinced Blum not to send arms to the Republicans and, on 27 July, the French government declared that it would not send military aid, technology or forces to assist the Republican forces. There were fewer executions than usual, however, because of the effect Guernica left on Nationalists' reputations internationally. [410], As the war progressed, the government and the communists were able to exploit their access to Soviet arms to restore government control over the war effort, through diplomacy and force. [20] Twelve successful coups were carried out between 1814 and 1874. [279] The campaign was unsuccessful, and was undermined by the agreement signed in Munich between Hitler and Chamberlain. Partecipa all'assemblea di Wikimedia Italia il 20 marzo a Pistoia. Molti vi combattono e dedicano opere alla vicenda: Hemingway, Orwell, Malraux, Koestler, Neruda, Machado, Mirò, Picasso: per tutti la Spagna resta un’esperienza indimenticabile. The Republican government allowed for the possibility of self-government for the two regions,[144] whose forces were gathered under the People's Republican Army (Ejército Popular Republicano, or EPR), which was reorganised into mixed brigades after October 1936. [293] Other estimates of these deaths range from 50,000[294] to 200,000, depending on which deaths are included. Description: N/A. Republican leader Casares Quiroga was replaced by José Giral, who ordered the distribution of weapons among the civilian population. Guerra Civil Española - Spanish Civil War - Guerra Civile Spagnola, Madrid. Most were repatriated to Spain after the war, but some 250 were still in Britain by the end of the Second World War in 1945. Two distinct factors led to the uprisings: a series of urban riots and a liberal movement within the middle classes and the military (led by General Joan Prim) concerned with the ultra-conservatism of the monarchy. [74][249] Franco won another victory on 27 September when his troops relieved the siege of the Alcázar in Toledo,[249] which had been held by a Nationalist garrison under Colonel José Moscardó Ituarte since the beginning of the rebellion, resisting thousands of Republican troops, who completely surrounded the isolated building. Their destinations included the United Kingdom[300] and the USSR, and many other countries in Europe, along with Mexico. One of them is the book entitled La guerra civile spagnola 1936-1939 By Harry Browne. [222], Mexico's most important contributions to the Spanish Republic was its diplomatic help, as well as the sanctuary the nation arranged for Republican refugees, including Spanish intellectuals and orphaned children from Republican families. [185] The pact proved to be a decisive instrument in keeping the Iberian Peninsula out of Hitler's continental system. [308], Authors of recent studies suggest that given Nationalist and Republican spendings were comparable, earlier theory pointing to Republican mismanagement of resources is no longer tenable. [150] The deaths would form the prevailing outside opinion of the republic up until the bombing of Guernica.[381]. Advertizing Wikipedia. He put this stand into practice by various means, including organizing agricultural workers to maintain food supplies, and through humanitarian work with war refugees. From librisaggi (SAN VITO ROMANO, Italy) AbeBooks Seller Since September 1, 2017 Seller Rating. [246], On the Nationalist side, Franco was chosen as chief military commander at a meeting of ranking generals at Salamanca on 21 September, now called by the title Generalísimo. [387] Particularly noteworthy repression was conducted in Madrid during the war. Despite CEDA's electoral victory, president Alcalá-Zamora declined to invite its leader, Gil Robles, to form a government fearing CEDA's monarchist sympathies and proposed changes to the constitution. [82] The Republican government acted to remove suspect generals from influential posts. The attempted suppression of imported material was largely ineffective, and France was especially accused of allowing large shipments to Republican troops. [Harry Browne] Home. Dopo lo scoppio della guerra civile nell’estate del 1936 il padiglione si trasformò, assurgendo a celebrazione del popolo spagnolo riunito sotto l’egida del governo repubblicano. This estranged small and medium landholders who used hired labour. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFPayne2011 (, Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance, Soviet–Czechoslovakia Treaty of Mutual Assistance, Soviet–British–French Moscow negotiations, Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups, Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista, Foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War, Non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War, German involvement in the Spanish Civil War, agreement signed in Munich between Hitler and Chamberlain, Evacuation of children in the Spanish Civil War, president of the Generalitat of Catalonia, Alfonso Carlos I de Borbón y Austria-Este, Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS, Catholicism in the Second Spanish Republic, Jewish volunteers in the Spanish Civil War, List of foreign correspondents in the Spanish Civil War, List of foreign ships wrecked or lost in the Spanish Civil War, List of surviving veterans of the Spanish Civil War, List of war films and TV specials#Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), merger of the other factions on the Nationalist side. Physical description 260 p. : col. ill. ; 30 cm. [244] The new leadership began to unify central command in the republican zone. Lv 7. By the War's end, perhaps 56,000 Nationalist soldiers, encompassing infantry, artillery, aerial and naval forces, had been trained by German detachments. Description: N/A. Tarragona fell on 15 January,[282] followed by Barcelona on 26 January[283] and Girona on 2 February. 215,000 in combat, 200,000 killed in rearguard, 70,000 due to wartime hardships, 11,000 civilian victims of military operations; the author later rounds up the total to 0,5m, Alonso Millán, Jesús (2015). [90] However, Mola's program was vague and only a rough sketch, and there were disagreements among coupists about their vision for Spain. [102], The rebels termed themselves Nacionales, normally translated "Nationalists", although the former implies "true Spaniards" rather than a nationalistic cause. [15] Those associated with the losing Republicans who stayed were persecuted by the victorious Nationalists. Their base was primarily secular and urban but also included landless peasants and was particularly strong in industrial regions like Asturias, the Basque country, and Catalonia. This book gives the reader new knowledge and experience. Since not all localities had enough labour for the tasks required, the law had unintended negative consequences, such as sometimes shutting out peasants and renters from the labour market when they needed extra income as pickers. [115] This facilitated the defeat of the army insurrection in the main industrial centres, including Madrid, Barcelona, and Valencia, but it allowed anarchists to take control of Barcelona along with large swathes of Aragón and Catalonia. Search. This site uses cookies to deliver our services, improve performance, for analytics, and (if not signed in) for advertising. Despite receiving the most votes, CEDA was denied cabinet positions for nearly a year. The city, which had formerly belonged to the Nationalists, was conquered by Republicans in January. A contributory factor in the successful Republican defense was the effectiveness of the Fifth Regiment[258] and later the arrival of the International Brigades, though only an approximate 3,000 foreign volunteers participated in the battle. "A Spanish genocide? [274] Gijón finally fell in late October in the Asturias Offensive. Aerei militari della guerra civile spagnola. Mostra tutti i post. [279] Eight days before the new year, Franco threw massive forces into an invasion of Catalonia. [243] On 15 September San Sebastián, home to a divided Republican force of anarchists and Basque nationalists, was taken by Nationalist soldiers. "at least", Hitchcock, William L. (2008). La guerra civile spagnola, vinta storicamente dal caudillo Francisco Franco, fu umanamente persa da tutti, nessuno escluso: Franco, gli anarchici, la Chiesa, i comunisti, i fascisti, i socialisti, la Francia, l'Inghilterra, i trotzkisti, l'Italia fascista, l'Italia antifascista, la Germania, l'Urss, la borghesia, la religione, ecc.